Protein Concentration in Food: Changes over Time

Protein Concentration in victuals Changes over mSou, Oi Ying diet impact realistic reportUltra filtrationUF Experimental entropy mediocreinlet extort(bar)exit mechanical press(bar)Average press(bar)Pressure Difference(bar)TemperatureRetentate menstruation lay come to the fore(Ls-1) commix rate(Ls-1)A. fuse rate with waterCold water312218.70.05312.8423219.70.05320.3534220.50.060529.3645221.40.05337.67562220.060546433.5122.60.018922.64.52.53.5223.50.015130523.53240.09827.35.51.53.5424.60.128626.6613.55250.142827DiscussionDuring ultrafiltration, molecules in declaration ar separated ground on size using membranes (filters) of divergent pore sizes. Also, the go stream is constantly re-circulated across the membranes with the primary objective of removing excess water and buffer from the feed stream. The simplest ultrafiltration setup consists of a vessel to hold the retentate and a pump to recirculate the output over the membranes.According to the experimental resolu tions, temperature increased when sightly contract and pressure different atomic bend 18 increase. About retentate flow rate, it only affected by change magnitude the pressure different but non average pressure. Also, run rate of cold water only affected by change magnitude average pressure while it seems remain constant by increase pressure different.Ultrafiltration of skim drawBe exploit rejection = , Cf is the parsimony of all part in the feed and Cp is the closeness of that comp adeptnt in the percolate.So, the result is in below table. Concentration of skim milk cadence(min)pressure(bar)temp(oC) l apiece liquify rate(Ls-1)Retentate solids%Retentate protein %Retentate milk earnings %06,242100.53.384.67156,238.68.66666666744.024.66306,236.174.55.044.76456,237.86.66666666756.54.87606,241.7658.64.82756,245.25.3333333335.511.44.8 tally 4 (initial factor for protein)Use this discipline to show protein concentration changes with judgment of conviction and how the commingle rate change with protein concentration, and explain any other findings. With repute to mix in behaviour, the retentate and permeate fluxes decrease over time at different operating pressures during filtration. The filter medium resistance increases linearly with the filtration time at different operating pressures during concentration. Therefore, the permeation flux rate of skim milk allow for decrease with clock.The major(ip) problem in membrane insularity process is decline in flux over time of operation. This flux decline is attributed to the fouling (In this case, retentate solids and protein amass) through ultrafiltration of membrane. Membrane fouling is affected by three major factors, namely, the membrane material properties, the feed characteristics and the operating parameters (Platt Nystrm, 2007).Since we have known that retentate and permeate fluxes decline during concentration of milk was measu passing with time of process, the possible cause has been s uggested. In early staged of milk ultrafiltration, the characteristics of proteinaceous foulants and flux, and adsorption fouling is believably the primary mechanism of flux decline.Reverse OsmosisRO experimental infoMediumPressure (bar)Temp(oC)return flow(Ls-1)Flux rate(Ls-1)Feed impartivity(uS)Permeate conductivity(uS)Cold water1017.70.3120.012666667920442019.10.028666667958293020.30.075384615999194021.70.0721041135022.70.2240.0653333339159Estimate the power consumption for the highest pressure1. Because pressure head = , g = 9.81m/s2, p1 = 0 and = 1-103kg/m3So, power = push-down storage flow rate - pressure head - g = mass flow rate - - g = mass flow rate - Because 1bar = 14.7psi = 105N/m-2So the worst power = 10bar = 10-105N/m-2 = 1-106N/m2, the highest power = 50 bar = 50-105N/m-2 = 5-106N/m2P10 = mass flow rate - = = 312WP50 = mass flow rate - = = 1120WBecause rejection = , Cf is the concentration of any compvirtuosont in the feed and Cp is the concentration of that comp onent in the permeate.So, the result is in below table. JuicePressure(bar)Temp.(oC)Flux rate(Ls-1)Retentate solids(%)Permeate solids(%)1015.70.017333333502018.70.016666667503020.10.1106666675040210.116666667505022.60.278571429500 min50260.2571428575055026.20.03130105023.60.02150155023.20.013333333220205025.70.014210255029.70.009333333260305033.30.005300355036.40.002166667220Plot 1 flux rate slide of water and succus with pressureThe flux of a RO membrane is presently proportional to temperature and pressure. According to the diagram, the flux rate pf water and juice ar increasing because of the formulaten of pressure. In addition, the flux rate of water should be higher(prenominal)(prenominal) than the flux rate of juice at the same pressure condition because of the viscosity. However, it is not an experiment in ideal condition. In these devil trial, the temperature of two sets of experiments are slightly different which might affect the result and difficult to compare.Plot2 Temperature of juice and cold water against pressureIs t mantrapher any change of temperature during this procedure? If so, why?The effect of temperature on membrane surgical operation is the vital indicator. Energy consumption is increased as the applied pressure increases (Elimelech, M., Phillip, W. A, 2011). Under the same pressure, temperature of juice and cold water are two increasing with the risen pressure, therefore, we can state that pressure increased, temperature increased at the same time. It is because the qualification for touch juice have been dissipated.How do the permeate flux rate and retentate solids change with time?Plot 3 flux rate curve of juice with time Plot4 Retentate solids of juice against time hind end on the result, the osmotic pressure of a solution is related to the concentration of the solute and temperature. They are in proportional relationship. The flux rate of juice decreases with increasing retentate solid concentration. However, the acidic properties of juice might lower the rate of process. Because it would cause the membrane imperfections. From some studies, it revealed that higher the number and concentration of low molecular weight water soluble components in the raw juice, higher processing loss in reverse osmosis (Jiao, B., Cassano, A., Drioli, E., 2004).Permeate flux is a thing of feed concentration. Feed concentration differs with membrane and permeate flux is a function of feed concentration. As feed concentration increases, permeate flux decreases and vice versa (Jayaraman, K. S., das Gupta, D. K., 1992). Given by graph, the flux rate of juice is almost approach zero after 35mins. It is because the concentration of retentate solids have been accumulated by time. The reason is that the increase of retentate solids (foulants), which accumulated on the membrane would check over the process until it cleans.Plot 5 Temp of juice against time The average processing capacity can be increased by temperature ri se of feeding material. Relationship of soluble solids and starting line was slightly increased. At higher temperature, the membrane permeability coefficient is higher, the diffusivity coefficient in the solution increases and the viscosity coefficient decreases.The average processing capacity can be increased with the increased temperature of feeding material. The relationship amid soluble solids and sugar increased slightly under higher temperature condition. At higher temperatures, the membrane permeability coefficient is higher, the diffusion coefficient in the solution increases and the viscosity coefficient decreases (Ghosh, A. K., Jeong, B. H., Huang, X., Hoek, E. M., 2008).Therefore, in our experiment, the temperature of juice is increasing by times.Use the sugar concentration data to estimate the rejection for sugar and compare this to the ideal land siteIn ideal condition, the speed of permeation of solvent depends upon the pressure applied, domiciliate that the conce ntration of the solute constant and thus the osmotic pressure of the solution dust constant. For an ideal situation, the flux is linear to the pressure of feed. Also, requirements of ideal membrane are as follows (i). The highest possible water permeability (ii). Greatest possible selectivity (iii). mettlesome pressure resistibility (iv). Reasonably long life when using in fruit (Martin, M., Eon, C., Guiochon, G, 1975)However, in our experiment, that is not in an ideal condition. The concentration of retentate solids are increasing and the membrane blocked to stop the process after 40 mins. Therefore, the rejection for sugar would happen when the foulants are on the membrane and not accept the juice pass through anymore. In this case, it happened at 40 minutes in the process. The flux rate is almost dropped to 0%. In normal industry, there are cleaning process to ensure the whole process are keep running and would not be stopped.References Bahnasawy, A. H., Shenana, M. E. (2 010). Flux behavior and energy consumption of ultrafiltration (UF) process of milk. Australian ledger of Agricultural Engineering, 1(2), 54.Younos, T., Tulou, K. E. (2005). Energy needs, consumption and sources.Journal of Contemporary Water Research Education,132(1), 27-38.Jimenez-Flores, R., Kosikowski, F. V. (1986). Properties of ultrafiltered skim milk retentate powders.Journal of Dairy Science,69(2), 329-339.1Jiao, B., Cassano, A., Drioli, E. (2004). Recent advances on membrane processes for the concentration of fruit juices a review. Journal of nutrient engineering, 63(3), 303-324.Al-Mutaz, I. S., Al-Ghunaimi, M. A. (2001, October). Performance of reverse osmosis units at high temperatures. IDA.Jayaraman, K. S., Das Gupta, D. K. (1992). Dehydration of fruits and vegetables-recent developments in principles and techniques. Drying Technology, 10(1), 1-50.Ghosh, A. K., Jeong, B. H., Huang, X., Hoek, E. M. (2008). Impacts of reaction and curing conditions on polyamide ab struse reverse osmosis membrane properties. Journal of Membrane Science, 311(1), 34-45Elimelech, M., Phillip, W. A. (2011). The future of seawater desalinization energy, technology, and the environment. perception, 333(6043), 712-717.Martin, M., Eon, C., Guiochon, G. (1975). Study of the pertinency of pressure in liquid chromatography III. A practical method for choosing the experimental conditions in liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 110(2), 213-232.Contamination aim of Mold Entero Bacteriaceae FamilyContamination train of Mold Entero Bacteriaceae FamilyChapter III METHODOLOGY3.1. admissionThe research methodology utilize a qualitative approach. The cultivation has been conducted in November 2016 in Bandung city. The survey, observe and microbiology contaminant sampling was collected from food vendors expound as the study population. The study design utilize to evaluate knowledge, spot, and answer (KAP) and contamination level of function similarl y Entero Bacteriaceae family. In addition, socio-demographic hesitancys and others premise information that can be predicted factors for understanding the relationship between food vendors characters. Furthermore, keep from the local government as a regulatory role on food bridle-path activities was investigated to identify and to understand how to enhance better writ of execution in food hygienics.3.2 methodological analysis Design and Study Instrument3.2.1 Methodology design The data survey presented the understanding, behavior, and implementation of hygiene work by food vendor premises. The aspects were all assessed as followKnowledge an sound judgment of hygiene enforce knowledge was carried out using an interview survey. spot Likert 5 intimates agree-disagree questions were asked for step the food handlers attitude.Practice an observational study of food hygiene was used in the assessment. This audit used the score for measuring of its implementation.Microbiological co ntaminations sampling an investigate study of cleanliness of cooking utensil.The presence of an implementation of regulatory aspects of street foods.The social demographic questions and food premises information were also surveyed to explore the characteristics of answerings.3.2.2 Study InstrumentIn this present study, we used a constructed questionnaire based on the references. This questionnaire consist of (1) General questions regards to social demographic characteristics, (2) Food premises information (3) Knowledge, Attitude, Practice questions (4) The presence of an implementation of regulatory aspects.Socio-demographic questionnaire as a complementary questionnaire consists of factors predicted that influence on respondents (food street vendors) knowledge, behavior and practice on food safety and hygiene which are constructed based on literature such(prenominal) as age, sex, marital status, education level, number of employment, employee character reference (self employer/ e mployee), how long they have been a seller and also their profit per day.Food premises information showed the premises condition and cause of food that sale, food preparation, food packaging material, type of facilities (i.e stall, mobile street vendors, tend, stand, or handed), and also hour length of sale.The knowledge questionnaire, consists of 10 questions containing multiple choices questions, was giving to respondent for reviewing their awareness on food hygiene. The questions concerning knowledge about food hygiene from storage, cleanness, preparation and personalised hygiene linked to transmission of microorganisms, and respondents were asked to choose one answer from among three options.The questions of attitude consist of 10 questions. The answer options for these question used Likert scales ranging from 1 (very disagree) to 5 (very agree) to show a subjective receipt on their agreement on food hygiene implementation. The rafts for attitude were similar with the range from 1-5, the higher score represents better manner on food hygiene.The scores for practice on food hygiene were reason from 50 questions based on an audit that observed on premises. The way of reducing cross contamination on food handlers/vendors was noted e.g. personal hygiene, food storage, pest control and utensil/ equipment. The source of water offer was investigated also the ice (whether commercially bought or self-made). The presence of food outdoor facilities and sanitary utilities was determined e.g. accessibility of toilets, adequate washing facilities, sink, surface, waste, and food packaging. The availability of cool storage/refrigeration storage was also checked.For microbial contaminant testing, VBRG dip slide type was used to determine whether there is certify of entero bactericeae and mold in the food street premises e.g. cutting board, utensil, plate, provide and other food equipment.3.3 DataCollectionAn interview survey was carried out in one sub-district in Bandung city in November 2016. The minimum number of food street vendors was randomly selected as much as the result from prior cogent evidence questionnaire tests. The validation of questionnaire process has been conducted in July 2016 in Bandung city for improving the questionnaire and ascertain the appropriate sampling size also an area which should be chosen. The precedent size minimum required for the study are reckon based on as the result of the prior validation study. Based on the level of significant of 5% with a confidence interval of 95%, 253 premises/ respondents are needed for this study. In this cross-sectional study, we surveyed 272 respondents from one sub-district. typesetters case to face interview was conducted in November 2016 by using Bahasa/Indonesian vocabulary and common Sundanese language as an ethnic language in the study area. All study instruments were in Bahasa/ Indonesia version and interview were taken on their premises. The study was supported by assistant researchers, as interviewers, who had food science background and understood both languages. The interviewer had been trained with regard to study such as food safety in a brief view, how to conduct the survey, interview method, study instrument, and ethical requirement including informed consent. The interviews were set in respondents premises to easier for answering the questions and to observe their practice on food hygiene. communicate consent form was read out by the interviewer. The interview taken as well as the respondents were agreed to participate, questions were read out by interviewers, and interviewers also marked the answer on the questionnaires instruments. The interviewers also acted as an attendee for observing the hygiene practice on their premises and recorded into practice audit sheet.Sampling for determining microbial contamination used a dip slide that consists two agar-agar-agar sides, the first side the red side was used to confirm the presen ce of Entero Bacteriaceae family and the second side that sandy color for mold. The sampling procedures wereRemove the dip-slide from the tube by pulling the pliant tab at the top of the dip-slide. Take care not to allow the dip-slide agar (the jelly type substance on each side) to hit the edge of the clear plastic tube.Place dip slide agar down onto the surface, and make sure the entire agar has full jot with the surface. Keep the agar applied to the surface for approximately 20 seconds, thence turn over to the other side and apply the other agar to the surface.Replace the dip-slide into the sterile plastic tube taking care not to damage the agar. Next, place the dip-slide tube into a dip slide incubator at 37 0C or warm place. The incubation period is 2- 3 days for bacteria. The optimum temperature for most mold/yeast is from 27 0C to 30 0C and the incubation time is 2 7 days.After 3 days, generally, both of results were read and recorded. Bacteria present in the sample liquid will grow and form colonies. The selective agar for Entero Bacteriaceae colonies will appear in red. A bacterial reference chart is used to determine the number of bacteria in the sample. The bacteria reference level has five charts that showed how many an(prenominal) colony-forming-unit( CFU)/cm2 e.g. 2.5 (very slight growth), 12 (slight growth), 40 ( keep back growth), 100(heavy growth) and 250 (very heavy growth). While the evidence of mold form appears in the furry colony. The chart of mold consists of slight (0.4), moderate (1.6) and heavy (4).3.4 statistical analysisFood safety knowledge scores for the respondents were, mensurable based on the multiple choice answer from each question, only for the facts of set up answers was assigned a score +1 and 0 in the case of dont know/wrong option.For ten attitude questions were calculated from the Likert scale point 1-5, for question number 2, 6 and 9, the reversible point was used to calculate the point because it was a negative question.The answers were classified as +1 point when the auditor/interview found out the correct evidence on respondents premises and 0 points when they failed to find it. However, not accessible marked for a respondent who did not have the correlation item with the type of food. The total percent score for the respondents attitude was then calculated by sum up all score in total.Statistical analysis of the association between Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) questionnaire answers, social demographic characteristics and food information also microbial contamination level were carried out to determine the relationship between them and explore the pattern.Data were analyzed by SPSS version 20. Based on the level of significant of 5% with a confidence interval of 95%, all analyses were considered statistically significant at P 0.05.The descriptive analysis, Fishers square test, was performed to describe socio-demographics characteristics of the respondents. Analysis of varian ce (ANOVA) and t-test was used for comparing mean scores between all factors and observing the relationships between KAP and predicted factors that may influence on KAP.Furthermore, to investigate whether this relationship systematically varied by specific socio-demographic characteristics for Independent variables included age, gender, and education level, and work experience, type of job which was full time or part time and having tended to(p) courses on food hygiene were conducted.EthicalconsiderationreviewThis study has approved by ethical motive Committee of the University of Birmingham, School of Chemistry Engineering, United Kingdom. The identity of respondents will be treated securely and the outcome only will be used for academic purpose. The researcher and university supervisor will keep all data collection with confidential care.Chapter IV RESULT4.1 SociodemographicWe obtained 272 responses from one area, 269 participants have complete the questions (response rate= 98.8 9%). Distribution of some socio-demographics characteristics respondents described in Table 1. variable categoryNumber%GenderMale20576.21Female6423.79 suppurate group (years)Teen(15-24)4215.61Young people (25-40)10237.92Mature (41-60)11944.24Elderly ( 60)62.23Marital StatusMarried21680.30Unmarried5319.70Education LevelNo Schooling51.86Elementary school7126.39 subaltern High School9936.80High school7829.00 parchment103.72Graduate62.23Profit per day (IDR) 50 K176.3250 100 K13148.70101 200 K6423.79201 300 K269.67301 400 K93.35 401 K228.18Eat your own productNever134.83Rarely (1 4 times a month)6825.28Sometimes (1-4 times a week)7527.88Often ( 4 times a week)3513.01Very often (every day)7829.00Job typePart time51.86Full time26498.144.2 Food premises information

UK Childrens Health And Well-being

UK Childrens Health And Well-beingDrawing on search and corpse critically discuss the do on youthful shaverrens wellness and eudaemonia of being pitiful in a rich country much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the UK. How butt such wellness inequalities be addressed?The health and wellbeing of tiddlerren within the UK has become a controversial topic amongst polity makers, due to the major health inequalities surrounding children in the UK. A breed submitted by the Department of Health (1980) concludes that on the whole, health within the UK has alter since the introduction of the welf argon state provided in that location is cool off widespread health inequality which has imported in a extensive number of children life story in scantiness.Poverty is defined as a circumstance characterised by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including diet, safe drinking water, sanitization facilities, health, shelter and access to education and in classation. (United Nations , 1995) Poverty has further been defined in literature in terminal figures of congener and absolute mendicancy. Relative want is where persons atomic number 18 life sentence in a rich country such as the UK, where there atomic number 18 higher minimum criterions which no individual should fall down the stairs. These standards should continue to rise as the country expands economically. On a higher scale, the concept of absolute need includes anyone deemed to be spirit below the minimum standards of the above essentials. It is important that individuals do non fall below this standard as it can get devastating consequences. Although poverty has umteen definitions, it moldiness be remembered that child poverty is the myopic chance experience passim the duration of childhood by children and young masses. It differs from adult poverty due to the diverse causes and effects. The impact it has on children during childhood can be everlasting. (CHIP, 2004UNDP, 2004).S ocial exclusion is where families have limited access to good health, decent diet, the ability to participate in the community (Smith 1990). In this sense, poverty and brotherly exclusion are directly related, since families living in poverty lots do not have access to the above necessities. The health statuses of mixed groups of people are dependent upon numerous factors, one which is totalityy status. A persons hearty status is almost directly related to the persons health and social group that they belong to, thus has a emf effect on the health and life chances that one may encounter. Categorically, socio-economic groups in the community transform from the high class to the working class, with geographical location being a primary factor. For face in Britain, those that live in affluent areas are much likely to live a better and more fat life than those who live in a deprived location on a low income. The social status element has broadened the gap among communitie s, allowing poverty to continue to dominate the lives of children. Children are vulnerable to deprivation in time when it is still for a short period in their lives. It can still have long term implications on their growth.I aim to critically discuss these effects and look at ways in which health inequalities can be addressed.Childhood is a very vulnerable ramification for children, as they are dependent on their parents or guardians to fulfil their needs. Children drive basic resources and services to develop mentally, somatogeneticly and emotionally. To develop into a rock-loving adult, necessary take onments include educational facilities, vaccinations, healthcare, security, nutrition, clean water, and a supportive surroundings. collectable to their sensitivity during this critical stage of life, children are particularly vulnerable to ontogenesis and abuse (CHIP, 2004 pg. 2).Furthermore, children living in poverty face numerous deprivations of their rights survival, hea lth and nutrition, education, participation, and protection from harm, exploitation and discrimination. Over 1 one thousand million children are hard deprived of at to the lowest degree one of the essential goods and services they require to survive, grow and develop (UNICEF,2005b pg. 15)Children growing up in poverty are more likely to experience emotional and behavioural problems both of which have a negative effect on their wellbeing. Additionally most problems encountered finishedout childhood continue into the adolescents and adulthood historic period. Antisocial behaviour can be due to cultural and social factors which can have an immense forge on the individual. Living in inadequate and overcrowded lodgment conditions on estates which are associated with crime increases these risks.Bronfenbrenners ecological theory suggests that human behavioural exploitation is regulate by ones environment. The theory acknowledges that a child affects as well is modify by the setti ngs in which they spend time in. The time spent by children in negative surroundings will have a ruinous effect on their personal behaviour. He states that as the child develops, the fundamental interaction and relationships formed with others around them become more complex, and that this would continue to arise whilst the childs physical and cognitive formation was to grow and mature. A study conducted by Clark in 1996 found that children suffer socially from frequently being re-housed in to more affordable admit. These children felt that they lacked stable friendships and had difficulty forming friendships due to the frequent trail changes, schools hence became a place of social deprivation rather than a place where friends could be gained. Moreover, Oppenheim (1996) and Dunn (2000) both signal that children face excluded because they cannot afford to socialize with their peers leaving them discriminate from those around them.Furthermore Smith (1995) indicates that failure to choke in with their peers results in key effects on childrens behaviour. Blackburn (1991) goes on to argue that poverty affects psychological and behavioural processes which diminish life choices. This can go by to increase notionings of powerlessness and low self esteem as a result. In some cases this can cause the individual to form contend strategies which include alcohol or illegal drugs.Gilman et al (2003) highlights that childhood blow extensively increases the risk of depression, as well as long term negative effects on childrens health and wellbeing. The health and well-being of children is relate to the quality of housing, the appropriateness of the location and affordability. Housing is a get word division of both the physical and social environments in which children are exposed to, and plays a direct and indirect role in the achievement of positive development. A study undertaken by the Board of Science 2003 found that stable, safe and re line of business ho using is a fundamental aspect in the healthy development of a child (Board of Science and Education, 2003). Faulty structure and inadequate facilities, for example heating, can cause accidental injuries (English House Condition Survey (EHCS), 1996). Factors affecting the health of children include the cost, quality, occupancy and the stability of the housing, along with the neighbourhood environment in which the child resides. Moreover, affordable modification for poverty-stricken families is frequently curb to housing with substandard physical properties (Dunn, 2000), and is often in surroundings with socio-environmental problems which forget further disadvantages to physical and psychological well-being. Potvin et al (2002) argues that the housing tends to be in specific locations, resulting in segregation of low-income communities, when combined with poor access to manipulation opportunity, this can lead to socially deprived neighbourhoods. Klitzman et al (2005) confirms tha t these neighbourhoods are lean to be unsafe, with limited access to essential facilities and services. This inevitably leaves fewer opportunities for social integration, and also poses health risks to the community, particularly for the vulnerable groups, residing within these environments.Curtis 2004 argues that inadequate housing may further figure out individuals health and mental well-being through increasing their level of stress. This can put a tremendous strain on a child, as the child distinguishes the atmosphere within the mansion as being depressing. He goes on to acknowledge that crowded living conditions can result in easier transmission of infectious diseases i.e. tuberculosis and increases the likelihood of acquiring respiratory illnesses such as asthma and bronchitis particularly if family members are smokers. Excessive noise levels also result in sleep deprivation, which can affect the growth and psychological wellbeing of a child, as they may experience tirednes s and low energy levels whilst at school, which would lead to poor concentration. Similarly this can also have adverse affects on adults and children likewise and lead to negative psychological effects, including aggression, depression, irritability, and frustration with others in the family. This is reported to lend to family thins and potential violence. (Curtis, 2004)..The English House Condition Survey confirmed that 1,522,000 UK residences did not meet the mandatory standards set (EHCS, 1996). For many deprived communities, the only housing available is unsatisfactory. The World Health Organisation (WHO) advocates that, during the cold weather, the average board temperature should remain at a constant 18-20C (WHO, 2005). However, in the EHCS survey it was estimated that 40% of the UK population resides in temperatures below these guidelines. 19% of housing in the UK is cold, and soften compared to the 9% recorded in Germany (EHCS, 1996). Despite specific measures adopted b y local governments, housing policies continued to remain inadequate in many regions. For example, insulation of properties is a major government initiative at present. This is accepted as a cost effective intervention that could increase way temperatures whilst decreasing fuel costs for poverty-stricken families. However, The Warm Front scheme, which provides reenforcement for insulation, is not available to pregnant women and young children, unless they are in notice of specific social security benefits. Despite repeated evidence of the effects of poor housing, and associated lack of heating, public health interventions remain insufficient.Economical accommodation for poorer families can be excessively expensive, and the payment of rent or mortgage costs can result in minimal disposable income for fuel, food and other basic necessities (EHCS, 1996). Obesity is a known health issue associated with poverty a consequence of low incomes and inexpensive inferior foods, which result in high fat and high salt diets. Consequently, it has been determined that people with serious health issues are more likely to occupy the least health-promoting segment of the housing market, which in turn, aggravates health problems.Children born(p) into poor part also tend to have fewer educational opportunities than children are born into families where parents have been educated, or there is more disposable income available in the household. Hetherington et al (1991) argues that poor parents find it increasingly difficult to provide intellectual, bear upon tools or resources, such as toys, books, and technologically advanced equipment to their children. The complexity of their circumstances also prevents them from increasing the childs opportunity of receiving a pre-school education, giving them the opportunity of a positive foundation which is essential during the critical period of learning and development. distress to attend pre-school can result in low academic scienc e at a later stage. (www.surestart.gov.uk) Furthermore, since many social peer relationships form during the early historic period, children who do not have these experiences tend to lack authorisation and self-esteem (Hetherington et al (1991), When placed within the classroom environment at an older age, these children are more likely to choose to remain segregated rather than participate within class discussion as they feel stigmatised due to the life they lead and have poor confidence when interacting with their peers. They feel that children that live in affluent areas have greater confidence and should be the speakers.In the mid 1990s, there was an extremely high rate of relative child poverty in Europe, and the UK at present still has a high rate of poverty and the shoot birth weight in deprived areas in comparison to any other Western European country (Sandwell-Smith, 2003). Therefore in 1999, Prime Minister Tony Blair made a pledge to eradicate child poverty by 2020, hal ving it by 2010, and devising a difference by 25% in 2005. In tramp to do this, several changes were put into place such as the slaying of a evaluateation system, changes in benefit eligibility and the way it is paid, the introduction of the levy assign and the investment in childrens services. Around the same time, the Millennium age bracket Study (2000) established that babies being tracked were already showing larger differences in their health status at the age of three, according to their family conditions. Among children in families with income below 10,000 a year, 4.2% suffered chronic illnesses at this age, compared to just 1.7% among wealthy families on over 52,000. This significant difference highlights the importance of living above the poverty line. Such evidence has paved the way for numerous Government initiatives that exertion to close the gap on health inequalities in the UK.According to the UKs story to the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on Children in 2002, the UK is restructuring the machinery of government to put the welfare of children and young people at the heart of policies and services, to ensure that childrens and young peoples voices shape the priorities and practices of the government, and to bring together the government, the voluntary sector, businesses, local communities and families with a vision for young people. (United Nations 2002)Ten years on research shows that the government still holds a strong will to tackle child poverty and has always had it on the agenda, and is continuing to be a key aspect in the battle against child poverty. In a solution to the recent release of poverty figures, the government insisted that the 1 billion already committed in this years budget with help to lift a further 250,000 children out of poverty, however they believe an additional 3 billion will be needed to invest in tax credits and benefits in order to meet the 2010 set set by agent prime minister Tony Blair. ( block Child Poverty HBAI Report 2008).However in a indemnity briefing on education and child poverty released in March 2008, The Child Poverty Action Group (CPAG) condemned the government for not addressing this issue properly and claimed that the educational gap between disadvantaged children and their peers would continue to increase and that part costs incurred should be claimed through local charging polices ( End Child Poverty 2008).Although some of the governments policies and strategies have not achieved their all-embracing potential there is still room for improvement with the ideas already formed. This can only take place if there is a major transformation in the way policy makers address the issue and implement strategies. For example the brisk tax credits system consists of a working element for parents who are on a low income and a child based element on the number of children under the age of eighteen in full time education. This currently needs to be reviewed and u pdated the combined value of child tax credit and child benefit needs to be increased in line with inflation and earnings. The reformation on the administration of tax credits and benefits is also essential as in previous years there has been discrepancies on the amounts paid and the overpayment of these allowances.(www.hmrc.gov.uk)In conjunction with the above, the benefit entitlement system needs to be reassessed for all UK residents irrespective of immigration status as at present those that are not UK nationals are not authorize to specific benefits.Another significant aspect is that the government has made several(a) attempts to work towards creating more jobs, and getting people off benefits into work however it needs to be that the jobs created are compound and beneficial, financially for those that are pendant and have the relevant experience.(www.jobcentre.plus.gov.uk)ConclusionThere is conclusive evidence that living standards and housing conditions are interrelated an d poor socio-economic situations during childhood negatively trance the health status once a child reaches adulthood. The exposure of the young to these situations contributes to long-term ill health. This is worsened due to diminished immune systems and the greater exposure to negative environments which they have little or no look into over. (Klitzman, et. al., 2005). Insufficient facilities and the overcrowding of properties are very much a major refer with infectious disease, while damp and mould can cause several(a) respiratory problems (Bornehag, et. al., 2005). Nevertheless, the debate around housing and health and wellbeing is prone to be concerned with the discourse of poverty. (Dunn, 2000). However, looking at research there seems to be much less consideration of the indirect effects of poor housing upon health, such as social exclusion (Curtis, 2004) and depression, and psycho-social effects are repeatedly overlooked. Moreover in recent years, socio-economic determin ants of health have returned to policy debates, and housing conditions are, once again, recognized as a critical influence upon public health (Board of Science and Education, 2003). Recent studies have shifted focus in the direction of a broader-ranging perspective with regard to poverty, and health and quality of life, which presents the possibilities of enhanced understandings of the determinants of health status.The General Assembly of the United Nations 1948 states that everyone has the right to a standard of living sufficient for the health and wellbeing of himself and his family. This Includes food, clothing, housing and medical care.As with many health determinants, the quality of housing is directly related to income. exhausting to reduce these adverse effects of poor accommodation remains a major challenge. Health inequalities are not reducing in the UK, and the worst health is experienced by those who are most socially and economically deprived (Stanwell-Smith, 2003). As in the nineteenth century, there is a profound need for a rigorous public health reform. Essential to this must be enhanced living standards and prevention of ill health, so as not to become trapped in the inevitable cycle of poverty many children still find themselves in today.Although the government has evidently reaffirmed its dedication to meeting its child poverty targets, and has developed both the organisational competence and the policy-making drive to do so, there still seems to be a vast majority of children living in poverty and it is highly unlikely that the 2010 target is to be met, based on current spending levels. However it is not too late to improve the strategies enforced to provide a healthier future for the children who will be the new generation of the workforce for years to come.Word Count2992

Realibility Engineering and Asset Management

Realibility Engineering and Asset ManagementThe strategic bear on c each(prenominal) on load Seems excessive for available resourcesKPIs Actual against plotted performance non etern eachy recordedStandards/Procedures Lubrication not world performed properlyThe influence trunk intend App atomic number 18nt failure of entire processUtilisation of Manpower stave seem to be overworked and/or not used properly reliability Critical machinery is failingReporting Too much expected on job goalWork expiration Excessive modesty of PM and defects repairThe Feedback SystemRoot Cause Analysis Not organism performedWork Order consecrateback R bely roll in the hayd by fittersJob limit advertises Not being freshen upedThe Continuous service ProcessNew Technologies precedent monitoring probe request rejectedNew techniques Training for concern module not pursued insane asylum No development of sustainment practices tonic action No avails being do to alimony dodg ingThe environmental ProcessProduction jam Plant is being sweatedshortfall of Resources Appears to be insufficient for current work loadThe Strategic Processsustentation dodging Derek is busy at organising this still to the detriment of his revolve around on e rattlingday items at the plant.Workload t here(predicate) seems to be an excessive derive in relation to the available resources. Mick states that the fitters atomic number 18 struggling to complete PMs and fix machine defects. Harry mentions later that the situation is worsened and that they are way base on PMs and defects. Plant patrols, which are part of the strategy, are not being performed ascribable to time shortages. in that location is a possibility that the initial allocation of resources was adequate when the plant was in a healthier state except since the state of machinery has deteriorated, the bread and yetter staff are now overworked receivable to the elevated number of breakdowns. I comm it that a collapse of the readiness process is at the rout of the ever increasing workload.KPIs Derek is aghast when he learns from Harry that Dougie wants to be consulted on brisk essentials for describe. Derek reminds Harry and Mick that the tutelage strategy has always had a requirement for feeding back actual against planned performance. The fitters received a earn take aiming job completion report requirements but rather of motivating, it seems to suck in riled them up.Standards/Procedures When quizzed ab proscribed the fountain of the compressor bearings seizure, Harry informs him that it was likely due(p) to untoward lubrication. There is any a failure of Standards or Procedures here i.e. either the lubricating standard was not correct or the lubrication procedure was not followed.The Work SystemPlanning There has been a complete collapse in the think process. Charlie has been instructed to concentrate on closing planning with no testamentpower being t aken of the corrective tutelage activities. The planning function in any case includes reviewing job completion reports with the charge Manager, this has also being neglected due to the focus on shutdown planning.Utilisation of Manpower There are certainly concerns with the utilisation of resources. Mick states this in no uncertain terms to Derek. There is a signifi mucklet modesty of works to be consummate and Mick and Harry believe that too much time is being spent on insurance coverage and planning thus reducing instrumental role time.Reliability Plant reliability is suffering extreme unfortunate effects. A failure of a hypercritical piece of equipment has resulted in a minimal of five days downtime for the entire manufacturing execution.Reporting Reporting on equipment gibe is not consistent. A pick report was filled out by Mick for the compressor in advance of its failure. provided job completion reports are not being completed by all fitters.Work period It is clear from the scenario, that non-completion of upkeep tasks is a serious concern. Lubrication of the compressor bearings was not performed (either at all or to the right degree). Harry states also that the team are behind with their PM routines and build a serious backlog on defects.The Feedback SystemRoot Cause Analysis Not only is root cause analysis not being performed at stature, the sustenance supervisors are not even aware of the meaning of the concept. Harry and Mick are swell to learn about it, which instigates the Dictaphone recorded conversation.Work Order /Job Completion reports Only some of the fitters are filling in job completion reports despite it being part of the maintenance strategy. Derek is quite stunned when he learns this from Mick. To make matters worse one of the few fitters, Eddie Condon, that completes the reports is fed up as he feels that his efforts are being ignored.Plant patrol fault reporting This is not being performed by the fitters. Be cause of the backlog in PM workload and fixing defects, Mick states they would have to do overtime to carry out what he refers to as detective work.Fault reporting A report on the compressor fault was completed by Mick and submitted to the planning office. However it went unnoticed by Charlie due to prioritisation of shutdown planning.Disconnect with Maintenance Strategy From the above points it is clear that there is no action being taken with the feedback that is performed at ACME. Derek states that he is too busy organising the maintenance strategy but yet he has failed to notice the breakdown in this process.The Continuous advancement ProcessNew Technologies Mick has been asking Derek for months to purchase the hand held suss out monitoring probe. He believes that its advanced technology could provide great attention in solving the plants equipment issues. Derek dismisses the probe as fancy stuff and requests instead that the department get back to basics.New techniques Harry reminds Derek that he was promised he could attend a training course on compressors. Harry believes that, had this advanced training been attended, ACME whitethorn not have had the compressor breakdown. However Derek reneged on his promise stating that he could not lose Harry for three weeks.Innovation There seems to be an utter lack of innovation in how maintenance is practiced at ACME. Derek appears to be disconnected from his subordinates and perhaps this is why they are stuck in a rut when it comes to changing how they do things.Corrective attain Because the feedback and feed forward loops have been severed, there are no corrections to the maintenance strategy taking place. Derek appears to be asleep at the cycle per second and is not aware of the gainsays facing his troops. In Dereks defence, Jim Gordon has insisted that ACME embark on a time consuming World Class Maintenance course this could be signifi commodet operator in distracting Derek from introducing the required corrective actions to the maintenance strategy.The Environmental ProcessProduction Pressure It is clear in the scenario that doing pressure has been ratcheted up. Derek has been castigated by Jim Gordon, the managing director of ACME. The plant is not foot race, due to equipment failure, and go forth not be operating for at least five to a greater extent days. Such is the managing directors anger with the situation that Derek believes that his life would be in hazard if a suitable weapon were present.When Derek, Mick and Harry are discussing the root cause of the compressor bearings failure, it comes up that operations have been hammering the plant due to a big order from Korea. Derek confirms that the plant has been running fifteen pct above nameplate capacity. He also feels that it may have been a factor in the compressor breakdown. His concerns were mentioned in a management strategy meeting but he was told to find a way to work around operation requirements.Shorta ge of Resources Harry states to Derek that the maintenance department is probably understaffed. Mick feels that they are not using the fitters in the best way. As stated earlier, ACME either does not have enough maintenance staff or how they are using them has caused the current situation of excessive work backlog to develop. There could well be a combination of shortage of resources and not optimum utilisation of the resources they have.The Strategic ProcessWorkloadReason for spunky priority There are mentions throughout the scenario of the mismatch between the work that requires completion and the resources available to action it. particular adverse effect A build up in the backlog of PMs and correction of defects. prudent person Derek Piper. As maintenance coach-and-four, he must own the strategy and ensure that it is fit for purpose.The Work SystemPlanningReason for naughty priority I believe poor or non-existent planning is at the root of the work systems issues and it has created knock-on effects in manpower utilisation, work completion and ultimately poor machine reliability.Specific adverse effect Compressor failed because the deviser was not focussed on operations and completely missed the fault report prior to its failure. amenable person Derek Piper. Although it is Charlies role, Derek has instructed him to shift his focus to shutdown activities.The Feedback SystemPlant Patrol Fault ReportingReason for high priority It is imperative that potential equipment failures are reported to the planning office.Specific adverse effect Impending failures were not recorded for processing by the planner.Responsible person Harry Warner and Mick Brice. They only informed the maintenance manager that the fitters were not performing this activity after the compressor had failed.The Continuous Improvement ProcessCorrective ActionReason for high priority Corrective actions are required to organize the maintenance strategy with the changing handiness/r eliability requirements of the plant.Specific adverse effect The maintenance strategy has stagnated and is not fit for purpose in the operating environment that ACME has locomote to.Responsible person Derek Piper. He could plead some defence here based on the directive from Jim Gordon to pursue the World Class Maintenance Program which is consuming his time. But ultimately he must be held accountable as maintenance manager.The Environmental ProcessProduction PressureReason for high priority ACME is running the plant cardinal four seven and fifteen per cent above nameplate capacity.Specific adverse effect Operations are not releasing the equipment for necessary maintenance.Responsible person Jim Gordon. For the managing director to not listen to the concerns of the maintenance manager regarding the excrete of the plant is inexcusable. Of particular note is Jims instruction to Derek to simply stop moaning.The Strategic ProcessWorkloadRecommended change The strategy of necessi ty to be reviewed by the maintenance manager in terms of dealing with current and sensitive term workload. An assessment on this workload go out help sink the required resources to complete it. ACME may have to consider hiring transient or sub-contracted maintenance resources to clear the backlog. There is also a token(prenominal) of five days immediately available for opportunity maintenance due to the compressor failure use uping the plant down, ACME should endeavour to capitalise on this and add a silver lining to the cloud that hangs over operations.Estimated salute High. Especially if ACME hires additional maintenance staff to clear the backlog.feasibleness Medium. There will be some difficulty in planning terms to coordinate self-delivered and outsourced resources.The Work SystemPlanningRecommended change subscribe a specialist momentary resource to support Charlie in the planning department. This will allow corrective and shutdown work to be planned concurrently. As part of this change, the weekly job completion reports review meetings will have to be immediately reinstated. In the longer term, a review will have to be undertaken on the level of planning detail for minor works as Harry states that it is excessive.Estimated cost Medium. If the shutdown is little than two weeks duration, recruitment costs should not exceed 10k.Feasibility Medium. The maintenance manager will need to make a case to old management that justifies this course of action and associated cost. If this option proves to be a success, it can be built into the strategy for future shutdowns.The Feedback SystemPlant Patrol Fault ReportingRecommended change Plant patrol fault reporting must resume. ACME may have to wait until the maintenance backlog is cleared before re-implementation. One option would be to resume it at a reduced frequency e.g. if its currently a daily activity, exit it to a weekly activity in the medium term.Estimated cost Low. No additional expens e should be incurred.Feasibility High.The Continuous Improvement ProcessCorrective ActionRecommended change The maintenance manager has to be unfastened to both feedback and feed forward information. He must use these inputs to align the strategy with the needs of the company.Estimated cost Low. It is part of the maintenance managers job.Feasibility High.The Environmental ProcessProduction PressureRecommended change All stakeholders including the managing director, operations manager and the Chairman need to work with the maintenance manager in creating a medium to long term maintenance strategy. This will help press forward achieving the required production targets.Estimated cost High. Equipment investment and additional maintenance staff recruitment is highly likely in order to increase and verify the nameplate capacity of the plant.Feasibility Medium. If Jim Gordon is serious about keeping the plant running at all costs, then the investment funds should be make availabl e.The compressor failure and resultant plant downtime seems like an accident that was waiting to happen. When we test the circumstances surrounding the event, its clear that the maintenance system had failed. Through all of this, Derek Piper was lost at sea and to clash metaphors had his head hide in the sand. As a consequence, the planning process collapsed, feedback was not acted on and the maintenance strategy became unfit for purpose.He can claim that outer pressure from the managing director, with the demand of increased plant output and reduced windows for PM activities, caused the system to fail. Although there may be some validity in this claim, I believe that every manager has two high level challenges the first is to lead subordinates, the second being to manage the expectations of superiors. Times will come when a manager has to push back and stand up to unreasonable demands of company bosses. If a manager does not display this home(a) strength and backbone, he will l ikely be trampled on at some stage. Its clear at ACME that Jim Gordon had subdued Derek Piper and I believe Derek would not have had the strength to resist when the decision was made to sweat the plant and run it above nameplate capacity.If I was to apply a percentage weighting of blame for the situation that ACME finds itself in, it would be 65/25/10 for the maintenance manager, managing director and maintenance supervisors respectively.Its interesting that the interrogative states if you were appointed maintenance manager as I believe the only option that will rescue the situation is the replacement of Derek Piper in his role. A rebuilding process is required in the ACME maintenance department. This should start from the top down with a new manager. Derek is in the mucilaginous position that football mangers often find themselves in, he has lost the reliance of both senior management and the dressing manner the dressing room equivalent being the shop floor fitters. He now ver y much remains an isolated figure at ACME. A conservatively chosen new appointee to the role of maintenance manager would bring a fresh impetus. The candidate should come from outside the company as such a person would not carry any baggage from the current ACME situation. In the Recommendations section of this paper, I have purposely avoided mentioning Derek Piper by name and referred to the role of maintenance manager instead. This is because I do not see him as part of the solution. He may be required to get the compressor repaired and the plant back running but once this is achieved, his removal and succession should be planned.If I was appointed maintenance manager, I would look to introducing a new style of leadership to the maintenance department. My approach would be to lead from the front, engage with the fitters and regularly visit their sod to get a feel for their daily challenges.A strong focus would have to be applied to resuming the effectiveness and efficiency of th e planning function. Feedback and feed forward lines would have to be reconnected and the maintenance strategy would require improvement action when necessary.Strength of character and assertiveness would be required to deal with Jim Gordon in order to explain to him both the limits of production equipment and the necessity for attach maintenance.As maintenance manager, I would also have to ready myself for action in securing investment for new equipment and possible recruitment of additional maintenance staff. Immediate consideration needs to be given to introducing redundancy for critical equipment. If there was a spare compressor to switch over to, the plant would have kept running. If the expense of a standby compressor is not approved, contingency needs to be made can we roll in a temporary machine and connect it in the event of a breakdown? The challenge here is to convince ACME senior management of the benefits of investment and consequences of not spending i.e. a repeat o f the last major equipment failure.I dwell its very easy to state these high level objectives and will be much harder to drive them through to implementation but the job can only be tackled with the confident belief in success. ACME seems to be in a good place regarding sales orders, all that is necessitate now is a companywide belief in the importance of a sustainable maintenance system.

Indian Consumer Buying Behaviour in the UK

Indian Consumer Buying behavior in the UK1. IntroductionThis speech provide an overview of look for topic on Indian consumer clouding deportment in UK, first p artistic harvest-feastion outline aims and accusatory of the dissertation and followed by the motivation and study carried. Outline of bodily structure of the dissertation and limitation argon presented.1.1 Aims and ObjectivesThe aim of the dissertation is to understand and identify the companionable, pagan, vitiate behaviour characteristics of Indian residential district in UK.The research carried out primary and secondary research associated with Indian confederacy and specifys the linked between the pagan consumer behaviour connections with foodstuff.What ar the consumer spoil behaviour characteristics of Indian Community in the UK?ObjectiveThe objective of the dissertation is to way and study on buying behavior of the Indian Community living in UK. To determine identify categories associated with Ind ian and their come on characteristics. The article, literature, journal covers heathen, sociableal issues, historical issues of Indian identify integ paygrade it with the personally studies. The method utilise on the basis of quantifiable observation for statistical analysis and philosophical interpretive research method to support Questionnaires be use to analyses the primary data. The findings reveal personal, paganal, buying pattern and cultural characteristics pertinent for identifying Indians consumer behavior. The conclusions argon make for the implications of this identity need to be taken into accountancy by the UK food market placeers or crease market for forward-looking segment to invest.1.2 Motivations groundwork the DissertationThe Indians ar part of a multicultural UK society, they make a signifi trickt cultural and consumer force referee 35 (Fletcher, 2003). They ar change magnitude in size, purchasing power and geographic concentration, giving vend ors a peculiar probability to modify their market strategies in the pursuit of change magnitude market sh atomic number 18 and profitability reader 27 (Lindridge and Dibb, 2003). Due to increase in ethnic world and cultural diversity which represent m both luck and threats to the markets therefrom marketer has to ack this instantledge the change in market by ar wanderment the ethnic diversity reviewer 35.Total in UK rough 29% organization dont guide ethnic market while 47% do target unless(prenominal) were not effective in strategies ascribable to lack of understanding and information astir(predicate) the Indian conjunction in UK. reader 27 (Lindridge and Dibb, 2003 cited Fulford, 2001). Since UK represent multiethnic society, consisting of a diverse scuffle of destination and languages, there generates to understand the buying behaviors of all the elements which effects the business to fulfill selling knowledge as the for the satisfaction of node of fatality an d wants ref 28 (Chudry and Pallister, 2002)( reviewer 25). This report will be focusing on the consumer buying behaviors characteristics of the Indians residential area in UK.1.4 Limitations of the studyThe limitation of the study atomic number 18 that there has not been enough research d virtuos unityss on the cultural characteristics of Indian Consumer Behaviour consequently there is no previous more(prenominal) studies carried out to judge the topic further. The Empirical Side of the Research has been hindered repayable to the fact that there is only matchless researcher, which made difficult to accumulate completestantial studies and sample of Indian Community for quantitative research which slang been omitted collectable to lack of manpower and age.2. Literature ReviewConsumer Behaviour agree to Philip Kotler consumer behavior as the buying behavior of final consumer- mortal(a) and folks who buys goods and work for personal consumption, all to this it is directl y related to market created by Consumer which varies in income, age, education level and taste across the world tremendously. They buy incredible variety of services and products which diverse consumer connection with each impudently(prenominal) with another(prenominal)(prenominal) element of the world ( referee 1). To sidereal day consumers piss m both choices to hire a product as comp bed to ten or fifteen stratum before. Business growth depends on loyal customer or fictionalize secure because they are satisfied with product variety/ services which they turn over received which bring consumer into the stores. Lot of trade efforts is played to bring consumer to the stores, chemical formulaly consumer assumes marketing as advertising and selling which is flow of goods from producers to customer. marketing has large influence on fast moving consumer goods through range of activities includes promotion, market research, advertising etc. Evaluation and monitoring of cust omer is too an weighty and angiotensin-converting enzyme method of evaluation is by completing marketing research. reader 7 (Woodruffe 1995 149, 163-4) check to Adrian Palmer Business Philosophy, marketing puts customers at the centre pull down of all the organizations which confers the elemental orders to understand and response to customer necessity and needs to search constantly for new market opportunities. (ref 22)There are three study components of marketing by Narver and Slater (1990) Customer Orientation, rivalry Orientation and Interfunctional Co-ordination. Customer Orientation understands its target buyers, Competitor Orientation focus on customer and its competitors police and strategy, while Interfunctional Co-ordination which futile marketing jitney to develop the marketing plans to creating value, delivering promise made to customer and integrates its humankind and somatic resources effectively and adapts them to meet customer needs. Marketing key concep ts depends on customers, needs, value, transpose and market.Marketing Environment harmonize Kotler The actors and forces outside marketing that pertain marketing ability to develop and maintain masteryful transaction with its target customer. As per Environment markets depends to two study surroundings micro and macro environment besides basically here we will be dealing with macro Environment with explores border concepts of consumer behavior. Macro Environment consists of larges societal forces want demographic, cultural, economical, natural, governmental and technological. UK which is colossal market with varied customers which are widely scattered and so we hand over to focus on specific Indian Consumer segment. match to Kotler particle marketing is an isolating broad segments that make up a market and adapting the marketing to match the needs of one or more segments.(Ref 1,2). For marketer to target the entire consumer with same marketing style and approach doesnt play to all customer where are m whatever customer are dissatisfied or there need are fulfilled, then here opportunity arise fro the company for specific segment. As per data and statistics Marketer has to go for niche marketing to target specific segment. According to Kotler Niche Marketing is Focusing or sub segment or niches with unadornedive traits that may seek a specific combination of benefits.(Ref 1,2). Hence in this confound we will be focusing on Indian consumer with total UK consumer hence below gives the Geographical, Cultural, Political, Technological and Economical consumer patterns as compared to total UK Consumer.Geographically Indian Consumer In UKAccording to Kotler Demography or Geographical shows the study of human population in terms of size, density, location, age, gender, race occupation.(Ref1) Its very valuable because its gives marketers major interest it involve volume, and mint make up markets, as Indian Consumer geographical location is given be low. Geographical Distri plainlyion of Minority Religions in general In capital of the United Kingdom Percentage of each religion living in London, April 2001, GB Percentage of each religion living in London, April 2001, GB http//www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=956 (Ref 39) Families with dependent children by ethnic throng and family type, April 2001, UK Families with dependent http//www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=956 Total worldwide Migration (TIM) to/from the UK 1991-2004 Total International Migration (TIM) to/from the UK 1991-2004 According to recent survey by presidency in 2004, around 223,000 more muckle migrated to UK than migrated abroad, as its blueer migration than cipher before in 1991. Migration from New Commonwealth has increased by 45 per centum between 2003 and 2004 within this grouping, net in migration from Asian was go up from 38,000 to 54000 in 2003, 2004 respectively. Ref 39 Net migration by body politic of put up(a) or next residence (1995-2004)Net migration by domain of last or next residence (1995-2004)The demographic characterized of ethnic population in Britain is heterogeneous, As 97 part of Britains non white population live in England, where al virtually of the Indian lives in England and major cities of Scotland, approximately 53 percent of Indian lives in the south east and a further 30 percent in the midlands. Recently due to new Government laws death penalty in Scotland the increase of Asian community are raising in ample major cities like Edinburgh and Glasgow .Ref 39 Social, Cultural and Economic characteristics of the heathen population assimilation can be defined as a unique pattern of shared meanings that characterized a society and distinguish it from other societies. It is passed down from generation to generation and has been described as a societys reputation Ref 21 (Wells and Prensky, 1996). Culture should be viewed as a complex bundle of independent variables that can be attri mo reovered to behaviour Ref 27.Culture plays an important part in the identification of an ethnic group, as ethnic groups are those human groups that entertain a subjective belief in their common descent because equalities of physical type or of custom or both, or because of memories of colonization and immigration Ref 27 i.e. horticulture. According to Kotler the cultural environment is made up of institution and other forces that affect the societys basic determine, perceptions, p address and behavior. Every consumer grows in specific environment which gives some beliefs, values, inheritance, family structure, summon characteristics which reflects in him.(Ref 1)Culture is forever evolving synthesizing old ideas with new ones Ref 20 (Solomon, 2004). All cultures are antithetic, but there are four-spot dimensions that are in all cultures1. Power distance how relationships form when difference in power is perceived.2. Uncertainty the degree to which people feel threatened by ambi guous situations and sacrifice beliefs and institutions that help them to avoid this uncertainty Ref203. Masculinity/ femininity how clear are the sex roles?4. Individualism cultures differ on how singularistic (importance attached to personal goals) or collectivist (people lower their personal goals for the group) they may be Ref 20.2.3.2.1 Components of CultureThe components of culture are a serviceable tool for marketers as they can use appropriate marketing communication theory to associate the product with the consumers values.ValuesValues are the underlying beliefs about the appropriate ways the members of a culture should act, think, and feel Ref21, these values arei. nearwhat stableii. Somewhat generaliii. Fairly widely reliable as a guide to culturally appropriate behaviour and therefore as a standard of desirable and undesirable beliefs, posts and behaviour (CIM, 1993).Ref 23Norms and CustomsNorms are the rules of values on how to behave or not behave individuals may or may not accept these norms Ref 9 (Antonides and van Raaij, 1998). Crescive norms are norms that are rooted in a culture (Ref 20). Crescive norms can also be perceived as a custom, which are the established patterns of behaviour adopted within the society or community. They regulate and regularize kind practices and define which behaviours are acceptable ( sieve, 1997) Ref 16. Williams (1981) identified four forms of customs or what Le Vine (1997) calls ostensible markers from the to the lowest degree to the most serious enforcedRef 19,26MythsMyths are tales that exemplify one or more of the shared values of a culture by describing a person, event, or idea that symbolizes values (Wells and Prensky, 1996) Ref 21. Myths serve four interconnected functions in a culture Ref 191. metaphysical explains the origin of manners2. Cosmological all the components of the universe is part of one picture3. Sociological the maintaining of social order through a social code4. Psychological the providing of models for personal behaviourRef 20(Solomon, 2004)Ritualsa. A rite is a set of interrelated patterns of behaviour that have a exemplary meaning (Ref 21), ritualized behavior is formal and ceremonial much(prenominal) as wedlock ceremonies and apparitional services (CIM, 1993). Ritualistic behaviour is an individual behavior that is made into a ritual such as shaving and getting up at a certain time in the morning Ref 19 (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2003). Sacred and Profane Consumption* Sacred consumption involves items and events that are not part of ordinary activities and are treated as such, example, apparitional ceremonies (Ref 20).* Profane Consumption involves ordinary, everyday items and events (Ref 20)* Sacred Events when consumers activities take on limited status, it can be anything from public events, sports events or holidays, as they occupy consecrate time and space for the consumer Ref 20 (Solomon, 2004).Material ArtefactsMaterial artefacts are posse ssions that have a special significance to members of a culture. Artefacts obtain their special significance due to the role they play in myths, customs, and rituals. Artefacts can be everyday products that have symbolic meanings, which give them special status in culture, such as red roses for Valentines Day Ref 21.Indian have different rituals, customer,myths which relates each other, due to help of British Government Indian enjoy major big Indian Festival like Diwali, Dusshera etc in UK, as festival times seems to major shopping and expenditure time of Indian , legal age of Indian community still does major investment, buying or moving on special festive period or religious occasion then usual day due to languish tralatitious belief from ancient time. Gold purchasing and wearing is one of the passion in Indian customer , Women during festive period utilise to buy gold and diamonds which is one of the major segment for marketer to target the ethnic community during festive per iod.Language and SymbolsLanguage makes the l ca-caing and share-out of culture possible (CIM, 1993), without a common language, a shared understanding would cease to exist, which will lead to the extinction of a culture Ref 19. Symbols are an important aspect of language they can be verbal or non-verbal (CIM, 1993). Verbal symbols include television and magazine advertisement, whilst non-verbal symbols are s, shapes and color Ref 19. Symbols can carry a number of different meanings and have different interpretations to many people these interpretations can be unique to one culture.India have a diverse culture with more 24 different language, having Hindi has national language, majority of Indian in UK use Hindi or English as communication language in community.According to Journal of Consumer Behaviour, Britain ethnic minority population was around 5.5 percent with expense power of L 10 Bn in 1998 which has increased drastically, whereas the population of Indian are increasing fa ster than Caucasian which leads increase in buying power. Many companies has started targeting ethnic group eg. Jaguar started sponsorship events of Indian Bollywood Mega Mela in London of 3 days.Indian culture are great lovers of music and art from ancient times, ancient history have shown deep interest in this field which has contributed in formation of Bollywood industry, world largest film industry in the world, which influence billion of people in India through cultural aspects and Behaviour. before Bollywood industry was popular only in east but now every year its increase 18 % market globularly with 3.6 billion global audience which laid-backer than Hollywood which has only 2.5 billion global audience, Indian community which migrated and living in UK cannot distract from viewing Bollywood movies and take Which has created a huge market for Indian viewer of Asian bring and Bollywood movies in UK market. As per recent survey by BBC more than 70% of British Asian homes twi ce the national average the Telewest, sky or cable tv at home where viewing two tertiary of Asian viewer are made of Asian interest convey featuring dramas, Bollywood music of back home and movies. Also surveyed revealed that majority of ethnic population have their own mobile, DVD and internet at home. Majority Indian women back in India has spiritedly soap addicts drama , survey carried out shown that 71% percent ethnic community made a layover of watching soap as compared to 56% of white woman. Leader in broadcaster were Zee TV and Star which was sound a new comer in UK around 4 year before but in his second year of launch he had 90,000 strong customer of ethnic community because Star TV is one of Indian forego Channel with 42 million subscribers which show cultural inheritance in UK which has high growth rate. Some of provider like Telewest understood the consumer Behaviour of ethnic community and launch Asian Channel Package which was cheaper than individual channel and wholesome package which attracted number of customer toward him. Ref 31, 32, 332.3.2.2 SubculturesFor a marketer culture may come across as too broad a subject, as it embraces whole societies (CIM, 1993), therefore, to make life much easier a marketer could subdivide a culture into distinct subcultures. A subculture can then be defined as groups of people within a society that share common fancys and beliefs, which distinguishes them from other groups (Ref 20). An individual can belong to a number of subcultures and these subcultures can play a crucial role in defining the extended self (Ref 20) . Rice (1997) suggests that there are quin prime subcultures Geography Religion term Gender and Ethnicity.(Ref 16)Indian with has diverse culture with varied religion, India has many sub religion which makes sub culture or sub group like Sikh religion which has same characteristics and belief like Hindu, . While Indian Muslims used to differ in culture, tradition and belief which can be a new sub culture. As under studies and my knowledge India used to be male sovereign society from long time, still majority of Indian women in India used to housewife and male used to earn but in recent 20 years women in India used to work and way ahead but still male preponderant the heavy purchase like home, car, investment, buying while female dominant male in purchase of household, home maintenance, buying food etc which reflect same in UK.2.3.2.3 AcculturationAcculturation is the process of movement and interlingual rendition to one verdants environment by a person from another country (Ref 20) this process is the learning of the horde countries language, myths, values, customs and rituals (Wells and Prensky, 1996) Ref 21. There is also the opposite affect of acculturation which is enculturation that is the process of learning ones primordial cultural values Ref 21. (Ref 9) Antonides and van Raaij (1998) call this the process of socialization with the culture being transfe rred from the older to the younger generation through family, religious groups, schools and other agents. Ref 9Acculturation agents can align with the culture of origin or the culture of immigration in Fig. 1.3 shows how well an individual responds to the agents depends on their individual differences, these responses thus affect the acculturation process such as movement which is the physical movement from one location to another there is then the need for the translation of social rules in the soldiery country and this leads to the adaptation process by the consumer, on how much do they align with the host nation. The acculturation outcomes are either to assimilate with the host nation, by adopting their values maintain practices from culture of origin or just segregate completely from the host nation, by only buying goods from people from their culture.Many Indian migrated from India have cultural Behaviour of back country as well they kindly start adopting the British culture , hence year after year they have 20-30 percent of British culture which has replaced some of the Indian culture, Majority Indian in back country used to religious more but after migrating they become less religious , dont concern more than usual, also majority of Indian in back country use to Vegetarian and keep to avoid Liquor but after several years in UK they used to eat majority on Non Vegetarian food except religion prohi grabion of eating cunt (Hindu and Sikh) and pork(Muslims) and start drinking more than usual, the back country they used to put up in joint family and have strong family structure , which has little bit change in coming year, the new generation British Indian or Indian leaving from long time use to leave separately than joint family , get separate from parents and leave independently but still have strong bondage with family which shows mixed culture of Indian and British.According Sinha (1969) and Mandelbaum (1970) study indicated that the Indian families a re of dominant concern for most Indians. Individuals within the family are instilled with collectivist cultural values of duty, interdependence, obedience, reliability and pass on for the group (Triandis, 1989 Triandis et al., 1993). In contrast, individualistic cultures abet detachment from the family unit and greater individuality (Halman, 1996). It is British Indians relationship with their family that may be a major cultural deciding(prenominal) upon their buyer behavior. The family units influence, within the collectivist-individualistic context noted earlier, therefore, will be assessed through three buyer behavior areas use of possessions to produce social status, materialism and character group use.Family structure and Reference radicalAccording to Journal of Consumer Behaviour , Ethnic Indian Community have family dominant concern for most Indian, individuals within the family has distinct collectivist value of culture, duty, obedience, interdependence, sacrifice and r eliability where in contrast Britishs Causcaucian are detached and great individuality. This relationship bondage within the family structure has major cultural determinant upon their buying Behaviour. As per Journal Indian Immigrant are more implicated with possessions than people, inferring and have a materialistic Behaviour which is other way on British Community. Ref 30A audience group is any person or group that serves as a point of similitude for an individual in forming either general or specific values, attitudes, or a specific guide for behavior (Ref 19), these groups can be real number or imagined (Ref 20). Reference groups can be influential as they can be informative, utilitarian, and value-expressive (Ref 20). Normative reference groups influence general values or behavior, whereas comparative reference groups are benchmarks for specific attitudes or behavior (Ref 19).Factors that affect reference groups influence on consumers may include* Information and experience an individual who has knowledge of a product/service is less presumable to be influence by a group* Credibility, attractiveness, and power of the reference group these groups can induce consumer attitude and behavior change, as they are seen as trustworthy and knowledgeable* Conspicuousness of the product reference groups influence varies accord to whether the product visually conspicuous (one that stands out) or verbally conspicuous (a product can be easily described)(Ref 19)There are several types of reference groups that can be defined as either aspirational (successful business people sportsmen or celebrities) or membership (groups that an individual can identify with) groups (Solomon, 2004)Ref 20. Some of these reference groups are* Friendship groups they are informal groups and are the most influential group when it comes to the purchase decision* Shopping groups they are make up of family or friends, this function can be referred to as purchase pals* trim groups because of the amount of time people spend at work, the work group can be a major influence(Ref 19) According to cat valium the family structure favored by Indian community which have traditional family structure and contrary to it, as the new generation has different attitudes towards family structure across the generation in Indian families. The family structure favored by Indian groups varies enormously It is clearly important for marketers to be aware of these divergent trends since they will have important implications for advertising and promotional activities directed towards the several(a) ethnic groups (Green, 1999).According to Journal of Consumer Behaviour, due to collectivist culture of Indian which are affected by external perceptions, then reference group selection may be determined by the need of view recognition of the familys reputation, majority British Indian seek recognition from these reference group, secondly work colleagues and friends have greater collectivist po wer of culture. Ref 30 Age pen of minority groups According to Journal cut through Burton (Ref 24) Age profile plays an important role in minority group, one of the most significant features of the Indian population is its younger age as compared to white indigenous population. According to data 1990, 48 percent of the ethnic minority population was under 24 years of age in 1999 compared with 31 percent of the white population. Indian group had 41 percent of individual in this age group, As a study in US marketer have recognized that younger age profile of minority group is having an important impact on consumer behaviors . The studied show that Indian Minorities community have high percentage of card ownership, standard pressure usages, use cards for withdraw cash and more likely purchase goods and service with cards than the white population Ref 26(Texas Banking, 1999) hence Indian community has similar culture expectation like in Britain . Ref 24,26.Economic and Social Charac teristicsEconomic Environment consists of factors which affects the consumer purchasing power and expense patterns, According to Adrian Palmer for marketer its hard to appreciate fully the cultural values of a society, attitudes to specific product changes through time and at any one time between different groups. Like in dwelling house market specially UK, company should understand the processes of gradual changes and be vigilant to satisfy the changing needs of consumer (Ref 22). As a new challenges for marketing are posed by the diverse cultural tradition of ethnic minorities. According to Journal Dawn Burton issues can be addressed our social and economic factor, the issues holds religion, household income and family structure. Before targeting a specific segment its important level of income and expenditure, the superiority of Indian groups over the white category is company accounted for the higher proportion of pensioner households in the white indigenous population.(Ref 24 ) The psi survey is useful in this respect since it categorizes the proportion of members of different ethnic groups in various income brackets. The ethnic Indian and White Population were on a par but there are significant proportions of high earners in the Indian, Indian population in UK are at high earning capacity with high saving as compared to White or any other community Ref 32. They have strong purchasing power. According recent publication in newspaper, out of 10 richest people of UK five are from Indian origin, hence from this statistics one can imagine how far-off Indian are economical strong in UK, world 3 richest and UK Top richest person Mr. Laksmi Mittal belong to India, majority of Indian living in UK are economical sound and having high saving then the normal British consumer, due to which they have strong buying power Ref 35, Ref 40According to International Journal of Entrepreneurship, majority of Indian community in UK runs small scale business, in transition wh ich are lining into owing large scale, profitable, enterprise has not the attracted investment but attention of media and research , nearly of half of independent shops in Britain in 1990 were own by Ethnic Asian entrepreneur which have high scale of Indian, in which have around 300 millionaire 1990 which have increased to 500 or more today, whereas they are 2 percent of working(a) age population in Britain , contributing towards wealth creating by recitation which is greater in size. According to Modood in 1997 the average weekly earning of Indian exceeds those of White population In Britain. Ref 30,33As Success of the Asian Business in Britain likes in their cultural characteristics which have high encourage thrift, hard and reliance on family lab our. There are major cultural facts like mechanisms of self help, family controlled business, informal source, local ethnic community market which builds the business to new ladder. A enterprenuser who makes productive use of the commu nity like cheap family labor, finance within community, cultural values, niche marketing to satisfy the demands of their own community for ethnic product which have huge population to fulfill. Ref 30Ethnic business has asserted the success due to sense of developing from small to large scale business, due to ability of branch out from ethnic enclave economy. According social aspect, Indian community have strong social education belief, around 60 percent have done bachelors degree or higher mental reservation which impact on growth in business and employment.Ref 30,33 TechnologicalAccording Kotler Technological environment is a Force that create new technologies, creating new product and market opportunities. Today every second or day a new technology hits the market which Technological point of Indian Consumer In UK have hardly any in-depth studies, but Study by PSI (see Table IV).showed the individual about their ownership of a range of consumer durables, as compared to white popu lation. In comparison Indian community has higher ownerships of some items like micro-ovens, video recorder, computer, washing machine etc than other community hence the market looks immense for specific Indian Segment.Indian community have higher eagerness toward technology aspects specially for household purchase , also one of the studies said that Car market has began specific target towards Indian consumer due to there high tech power consumer attitude and affording capacity. In UK, most of Indian community gives first preference to buy Mercedes rather than any other car due to its royal status, which similar concept previous back in India.As India is decent a global hub for IT, greater increase in Internet User and IT becoming a way to cheaper communication to India most of the Indian prefer to buy computer or high tech things to get connected. According to The protector majority of Indian were more likely to have own mobiles phone, dvd, household durables, internet at home t han white population in UK. Ref 32,33 LifestyleLifestyle segments are measured through the use of A.I.O. (Activities, Interests, and Opinions) rating statements. It measures peoples activities in terms of how they live their lives their interests on what is important to the consumer their opinions on themselves and social/cultural issues as well as demographic descriptors such as age, education, income, etc. Ref 36 (Plummer, 1974) Ref 11 (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Table 1.1 lists elements,

Benefits Of The E Book

Benefits Of The E BookDo you ever comprehend some what is E- criminal record? Before discussing the benefits of E-book, let we know some more about it. E-book is a book alone it was in electronic format. The letter E self explains and subject matter available in electronic format. Just a equivalent(p) purchasing a book from a bookstore, you need to pay and you volition receive the book, except it is more simple than that because it notwithstanding requires an cyberspace conjunctive for the procure. After personate it, you screw stay offline. The E-book to a fault eject be transfer into your system by the sender send a download link via an email. I didnt believe if allone said to get an E-book is more effortful from getting a book from a bookstore. It was so slack worry ABC. You only need to click on the link and the E-book get out automatically download to your com enthroneer. E-book basin subscribe numbered pages, table of contents, pictures and graphics, exac tly like a printed book. So, you still wad feel like recital a form book or if you be not familiar with it, you can advantageously print it out. E-book kick in so many class of benefits that we need to know.Firstly, E-book is man-portable comp be with a book. Just imagine, you can carry a kB of E-book on your laptop instead carry a bundle of book. in that respect is no more weight issue to bring a book. You likewise can simply demo your E-book in a train, airplane, bus, or succession continueing for something. You didnt have to get mess by smell where you put the book, all is your laptop or PC. You only need to look into a folder where you have saved it or by using inquisitory program where it is available on every laptop or PC. on that point is no more mini library in house or book rack to keep all your book but only a laptop, or if you want to store it into a smaller place, you can store it in your thumb drive. It was totally saving a terms and area. Moreover, if you have a paradox with the size of the fonts, you can resize and align the font size depending on yourself. It was really help for those who have an visual problem. This disease is called hyperopia and it was caused by an imperfection in the eye very much when the eye ball is too short or the lens cannot grow round enough. Books usually with font size of 12 or 14 which is big enough for closely of us but not for them who are suffering from hyperopia as they cannot see clearly writing in font size 12 or even 14. Old stack like to read a troop too as almost of them have a lot of free time to read since most of them have retired because they are no longer able to work. E-book is a enceinte solution to their problem as the size of the writing is not fixed. This means that one can make it bigger or smaller for case one can make the font size 45 or 10. This should be a great help to old readers especially those who are suffering from hyperopia.Furthermore, you likewise can tu rn the E-book to the sound book by using a software that can convert it. Some of it contains phone, picture, and audio to make it more enticeive. In this case, it can increase the hobby of reading. spate will spending more time in front of reckoner and less time with the printed books. It can change hatful perception from reading is a boring to reading is an interesting. Through E-book, instructor can attract their disciple to give more attention and understanding during the class session. For an example, the teacher can include picture or video of university to tell the student how university is really look like and it conditions. Compare by giving them a paper with a details or story of university, they will be boring and simply throw away the paper if they found that is abortive for themselves. It also can be a great teaching ordinary because when teacher show their student with an image or video, it will be memorisable and more brave longer. Besides, the usage of E-boo k for student can help them improves their education skills and also gives them extra knowledge for them to use it for their materials in their assignment or homework and also can be useful for them in the examination. They also will expose to the technology where the E-book itself one of the great idea in technology. Their mind will be more advance and always looking for technology if they are exposed to the technology since they still very youth age. In addition, student can do their revision using E-book which can avoid them from get bored during study.As a book seller, you can easily sell, advertise and distribute the E-book by dint of the internet. It was better because population no need to waste their time to go to the bookstore to get the book that they want. By reducing this difficulty, people will more attract to read the book. Then, you can saving your cost of advertising. Through an internet, your advertisement will get around to all over the world for only a minute . Advertisement through an internet also more attractive because your can insert an audio or video to attract people. Then, as a customer, you dont have to wait for a long time to get the book that you want. You can purchase an E-book 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and 365 days a year. In addition, you can do it from your sweet home or anywhere else . As long you are provided with laptop and internet connection, you are easy to get your E-book even you are on holiday or in vacation. By downloading an E-book through the right address and high speed internet access, you can get it in a very short time. This will help people in a rural area to get their book at a same time with the people in big modernized cities.E-book also have awfully low cost of production because it can be straightforwardly copied and distribute from one people to another. Amazingly, E-book is really environmental friendly because there is no tree is postulate in order to manufacture the E-book paper. So, increa se the use of E-book will decrease the need of cutting trees. This will help to reduce the world problem today that is global warming. If there is no effort by any person or organisation to solve this problem, world will lining more and more problem. Not only that, the production of paper also will produce a lot of toxic component that hazardous to our health. The printing of a book also costs a lot of money besides requires a lot of resources. But for E-book, only a PC or laptop is needed to have the E-book. Some people are not agree because they said a laptop or PC is more costly than have a book but they didnt realize how many thousands of book they can have only by having a laptop. It also more safely stored and carried anywhere, than ordinary books. They also last longer than a normal books. The world today is changing every minute, so we need to update and change the content and information. E-book also can be updated faster with the new trends and information. It also gene rally kept to out-of-pocket date to the ease and very simple to do it. Other than that, E-book is a preserve and ageless books. It cannot be rot, mildew, old and full with dust like a normal book. It ensure that the literature will endure.It was crystally clear that E-book have a lot of benefits and it cannot be denied in order to make our orbit as a modern rustic with a technology. E-book also have the disadvantages and still need to improve. Everybody should take notes the importance and the advantages of E-book so that they can permeate it. More campaign should be organize to expose our people with this kind of technology, E-book. Let everybody in this country expert in using E-book because maybe one day later Malaysia will be the only country that didnt use no more paper as book but only a laptop as the book.Name Shafwan Akmal Bin ZamriID NO M15056Tutorial Group 8