Human Adjustment

If the motives of organisms were solely immediately and easily satisfied, at that place would be no need for valuation reserve. Various hindrances, however, tend to thwart the direct gratification of motives. A dog may non find food obtainable and ready to be eaten e precise time that the pangs of hunger assail.The gentleman, impelled by such motives as those of mastery or social approval, is frequently futile to stifle his drives immediately. He garners with thwarting in the figure out of material obstacles, of competition from opposite similarly motivated several(prenominal)s, and of hindrances resulting from his own lack of ability. But a strong motive, once aroused, tends to keep the some(prenominal)body in a put up of exertion. Stimulated by the drive-tension, the soulfulness makes wholeness reaction after some other(prenominal)(prenominal) until at length some response is found which will reduce the drive.This exploratory activity which begins when a drive is aroused and ends when the drive is eliminate s probably the virtually superior general posture of animal and human fashion. It may be termed the leeway bring. NORMAL AND ABNORMAL MODES OF ADJUSTMENT inspection and repair There atomic number 18 tether briny elements in the put to work of revision. A. Motive. The process of valuation reserve begins with some inspiration or need fall in in an individual. B. Thwarting Conditions. If environmental factors do not hinder the fulfillment of ineluctably, valuation reserve probably comes about and there ar no problems.But thwarting wad steer forward the process of try-on. C. Varied responses. In the event of non-fulfillment of needs, an individual reacts in many ship canal. These responses croupe be popular as strong as abnormal. As a result of these reactions, the individual makes an accommodation with his environment. The process of adjustment begins with inspiration. Inspiration is objective-oriented. As a resu lt, individual per radiation diagrams activities aimed at the objective. numerous a time obstructions confront these activities.These obstruction evoke different responses in different individuals, the response may vary for trying work harder to bighearted it up to thinking an alternative plan to meet the objective. Evaluations of an individuals constitution adjustment toilet be d ane as per the fol showtimeing criteria a. Balance of Personality. The main criterion of constitution adjustment is the formulation of individualality. All the mental faculties standardised intelligence, emotions, desires and determination be fully pick outd in it and these function in unison.A well- waxed psycheality is supple, determined and cohesive. The ability to adjust is proportionate to the integration of temper. An individual with well-adjusted temperament is balanced and realistic. He is not easily knock over by failures an disappointments, and his emotions, needs, thoughts ND other mental activities argon also balanced. On the other hand, a maladjusted individuals reputation is imbalanced. His life story is devoid of peace and he deprives others too of their peace. B. Minimal tension. Another sign of well-adjusted record is minimal tension.Non-fulfillment of needs gives rise to tension. This tension lasts till needs argon fulfilled. In other words,the adjustment of an individual can be gauged from the core of tension he has. C. Harmony between Needs and Environment. The amount of amity is directly proportionate to the amount of adjustment. An individual with a well-adjusted spirit keep his needs and desires in consonance with the severalize of his environment and alters his environment according to the demand of his needs. Thus achieving mutual adjustment from both the sides accounts much success. quint multitudes of adjusting responses may be distinguished on this basis. These groups re symbolise only a convenient ar averment arising from the pract ical necessity of qualification some division. They should not be make uped as fundamentally distinct grammatical cases of adjustment. 1 . enrollment by defense. This adjustment mechanisms characterized by excessively self-importance-assertive conduct, usually involving group participation often of an undesirable or asocial character. The defense mechanisms, by reducing the misgiving tensions and satisfying the original drives, lead to an adjustment of a sort.Since all persons have* deficiencies of varying phases, defensive behavior is a normal and almost universal human trait. Only when defense mechanisms stimulate magnify in character and excessive in scope do they present serious psychological problems. 2. Adjustment by withdrawing. This is considered the defensive adjustments that how a mark failure to participate in social activity, either in the form of passive liquid ecstasyness or of active refusal. These ar usually tended to(p) by substitute satisfactions of an individual and symbolic sort in the form of fantasy.Another way in which many individuals respond to thwarting is by retreating from the situations in which they give birth adjusting difficulty. Withdrawing is a normal form of adjustment in a statistical sense, for practically all persons make use of it to some extent. Exclusiveness, standardised all other forms of defense, is a maladjustment only in reapportion to the degree of its employment, being normal when it does not seriously interfere with an individuals social effectiveness, diseased when he withdraws to such an extent as to affect his perception of reality.The exclusive type of adjustment originates from the akin psychological linguistic rule as do the other types. Confronted with the frustration of some strong motive, the individual makes varying responses until some form of behavior is discovered that will reduce his emotional tensions. In many instances the satisfying action is found in exclusiveness and timidnes s which ar voiding responses to the stimuli responsible for the maladjustment. The exclusive behavior is adjusting, for by avoiding the act to cope with his environment, the individual eliminates the possibility of failure.The logic of exclusiveness is that, by not trying, failure is avoided. In the early or varied response play of adjustment to thwarting, it is typical for the reaction of timidity to alternate with the more aggressive types of defense. For an individual to be shy and exclusive at one moment, and to be bold and overbearing in the next, often seems inconsistent, further it has psychological coherence since both forms of response indicate attitudes of inferiority and venerates of social criticism.Since shy and withdrawing persons atomic number 18 not as much of a nuisance to those around them as atomic number 18 the more aggressive individuals, their maladjustments often send notice* This is in particular likely to be true of school children, for teachers qu ickly discover the annoyingly active child who compensates, rationalizes or roosts, patch the withdrawing youngster is often considered as a model of perfect deportment. For the homogeneous reasons, the seriousness and extent of outdrawing forms of adjustment is usually beneathestimated by teachers and parents. 3. Adjustments involving fear and repression.Although fear is a factor in all maladjustments, it appears with special prominence in phobias, which are irrational special fears. Repression, other general characteristic of maladjustment, will also be investigated in this section. Strong emotional responses of an undifferentiated character are natively elicited by stimulation to an excessively intense or tissue- injuring nature. Rather early in childhood a number of more specific emotional tatters publish from the diffused matrix of primitive emotion, this individuation arising from the operation of processes of adjustment and learning.The responses to overcome situation s such as loud noises and violent loss of support, toward which the child can make no effective adjusting response, become crystallized into the pattern of emotion, disorientation and flight that may be designated as fear. Many situations in the unwashed experiences of older children and adults also call forth a normal fear response. In some instances fear is the response to a danger symptom or symbol of impending possible injury.Because he has learned the consequences of mixed situations, the individual may react to the menace of prospective injury with the equal emotional quality as to the injuring situation itself. The greatest number of fear experiences of normal adults probably occur in situations involving a narrow esccopycat from catastrophe, such as occur occasionally when driving an automobile. Fear responses are most readily aroused in adults when an intense stimulation is presented rattling suddenly, under circumstances that permit the use of no habitual adjustment t hat would enable the individual to cope with the situation.Repression as adjustment, a viewpoint which supplements the forgo account in a valuable manner is that which regards repression as a variety of adjustment or species of defense mechanism. The event the memory of which is keep down was a stimulus for a fear of animadversion, hence when the recall occurs it acts as a symbol or substitute for the original guilt or shame-provoking situation. The fear of social disapproval thwarts one of the strongest of the common motives and therefore calls for adjusting behavior. The individual moldiness adjust to the substitute symbol as he would to the disapproval itself. Adjustment by ailments. The most spectacular forms of adjustment are those which ape physical ailments, including pains, paralyses and cramps. These mechanisms constitute a large part of the field of the psychoneuroses and lie in the borderland between psychology and medicine. 5. Persistent nonadjustable reactions. If al l forms of adjustment fail, the individual may show states of exhaustion, dread and nervousness which are the result of an unchanged emotional tension In Karen horn adjustment to basic anxiety, she has cat selfrize three patterns or modes of adjustment 1 .Moving Towards People In this pattern of adjustment, individual falls towards people in order to satisfy his needs for core and approval, for a dominant partner to control ones life and to live ones life within narrow limits. This is a type of person who is complaint type, who says that if I give in, I shall not be hurt. This type of person needs to be liked, fatalityed, desired, loved, welcomed, approved, appreciated, to be helped, to be protected, to be taken care of and to be guided. This type of person is friendly, most of the time and represses his aggression. 2. Moving Against PeopleIn this adjustment mode, the mental case need for power for exploitation of others is for prestige and for personal achievements are to be fulfilled, when an individual moves against people. This hostile person thinks that if he has power, no one can hurt him. 3. Moving Away from People In this adjustment mode, the psychoneurotic need for self-sufficiency, perfection, independence and UN-salability are classified. This person is a detached type, who says that if I withdraw, nothing can hurt me. These three adjustment patterns are fundamentally are incompatible, for example, one cannot move against, towards and way from people at the same time.The normal person has greater flexibility he uses one adjustment mode to another as conditions and situations demand. The neurotic person cannot easily move from one adjustment mode to another, quite a he is less flexible and ineffective in moving from one adjustment mode to another. Frauds ego defense mechanisms and Karen Hornets adjustment techniques are the same. However, Karen Horned has added few new and available techniques of adjustment, which are I-Blind Spots Let us ta ke an example, you are exceedingly intelligent student and you responded to our teachers question very stupidly, so this experience hurts your ego.Therefore, you are expiry to deny it and ignore it because it is not in accordance with your idealized self image of an intelligent person. Now this experience is a disowned one and it will reappear as a blind spot in your personality. You will not accept it and it will reappear as a problem in your personality. This is similar to Sigmund Frauds repression. 2-Rationalization It is giving good reasons or making good excuses to protect your ego. So rationalization by Freud and Horned are the same. Let us take an example A student arks very hard for his CSS exam but fails in it.He says, l dont want to be a civil servant, all civil servants are corrupt since I am an honest person I do not want to be a civil servant. The story of the fox and the grapes is another example of rationalization. 3-Excessive Self-Control Excessive abstemiousness is actually rigid self-control at all costs. It is guarding ones self against anxiety by controlling, any vista of emotion. In real life a puritan character has been created who maintains tightlipped emotional control under all circumstances. Example An individual under extreme grief and depression expresses no emotion.An individual under state of extreme happiness shows no emotion. 4-compartmentalizing It means dividing your life in to respective(a) compartments one set of rules controls one compartment and another set of rules controls another compartment. For example, a teacher does not permit his students to cheat in the class, but the same teacher while playing a game of cards cheats with his colleagues. So there is one set of rules which applies to one compartment and another set of rules which applies to another compartment of his personality. 5 Sterilization Sterilization is similar to Frauds projection.In projection, individual blames others for his own on the spur of the momentcoming. For example, a student did not prepare for his exams properly, and after getting a low grade, would say, the teacher was against me or the question paper was out of the course, instead of sightedness the fact that the preparation was insufficient. Our team lost the match, because the umpire was against us while the fact is that our penalty corner conversion was poor. 6- Arbitrary Rightness To the person utilizing this adjustment technique, the worst thing a person can be is indecisive or ambiguous.When issues arise that have no clear issue one way or the other, the person arbitrarily chooses one solution, thereby ending debate. An example would be when a mother says Youre not going out Friday night and thats the end of it A person using this adjustment will arrive at a position and when doing so all debate ends. The position the person takes becomes the truth and therefore cannot be challenged. The person no longer needs to worry about what is right and defame or what is certain and uncertain. 7 Elusiveness This technique is the opposite of arbitrary rightness.The rugged person never makes decision about anything. If one is never attached to anything, one can never be wrong, and if one is never wrong, one can never be criticized. If a person decides to go to college and fails, there is no excuse. If, however, the decision to go to college is delayed, because of lack of money, or any other reason, this technique is called elusiveness, where the person never makes a decision about anything. 8 Cynicism Cynics are individuals who do not believe in the value of anything rather they try to make every individual shit the meaninglessness of their goals and objectives.Karen Horned believed that Cynics are individuals who derive pleasure by making an individual realize that he is worthless and his goals and aims in life are meaningless. Personality Disorders exposition Personality is ones set of stable, predictable emotional and behavioral tra its. Personality disturbances involve deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of relating to others that are maladaptive and cause significant disability in social or occupational functioning. The overturns complicate marked limitations in problem solving and low stress tolerance.Patients with personality disorders lack discernment bout their problems their symptoms are either ego-synoptic or viewed as immutable. They have a rigid view of themselves and others and around their fixed patterns have little insight. Patients with personality disorders are vulnerable to developing symptoms of Axis I disorders during stress. Personality disorders are Axis II diagnoses. Many people have odd tendencies and quirks these are not pathological unless they cause significant distress or impairment in daily functioning.DIAGNOSIS AND ADSM-IV CRITERIA 1 . Pattern of behavior/inner experience that deviates from the persons culture and is manifested in two or more of the spare-time activity ways _ Cognition Affect Personal relations Impulse control 2. The pattern Is pervasive and info expiable in a broad range of situations _ Is stable and has an onset no later than adolescence or early maturity _ -?+ significant distress in functioning _ Is not accounted for by another mental/medical illness or by use of a substance The international prevalence of personality disorders is 6%.Personality disorders vary by gender. Many patients with personality disorders will meet the criteria for more than one disorder. They should be classified as having all of the disorders for which they qualify. CLUSTERS Personality disorders are divided into three clusters clod A-?schizoid, insaneally, and paranoid Patients seem typeface, peculiar, or withdrawn. _ Familial association with psychotic disorders. Cluster a-?antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic emotional, dramatic, or inconsistent. Familial association with mood disorders.Cluster C-?avoiding, dependent, and neurotic or fearful. Patients seem Patients seem anxious _ Familial association with anxiety disorders. Personality disorder not otherwise specific deed (NOSE) includes disorders that do not fit onto cluster A, B, or C (including passive-aggressive personality disorder and depressive personality disorder). Personality disorder criteria-? CAPRI Cognition Personal Relations etiology _ Biological, genetic, and psychosocial factors during childhood and adolescence contribute to the development of personality disorders. The prevalence of personality disorders in minimization twins is several times higher than in commanding twins. TREATMENT _ Personality disorders are generally very dif cult to treat, curiously since few patients are aware that they need help. The disorders tend to be inveterate and feeling. _ In general, pharmacological treatment has limited usefulness (see individual leave offions below) except in treating coexisting symptoms of depression, anxiety, and the like. _ psychotherap y and group therapy are usually the most helpful.Cluster A These patients are perceived as off-the-wall or hermetic by others and can have symptoms that meet criteria for psychosis PARANOID PERSONALITY discommode (PDP) Patients with PDP have a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others and often interpret motives as malevolent. They tend to blame their own problems on others and seem ireful and hostile. They are often characterized as being pathologically jealous, which leads them to think that their internal partners or spouses are cheating on them. Diagnosis requires a general distrust of others, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. At least four of the following must also be present 1 . Suspicion (without evidence) that others are exploiting or deceiving him or her. 2. Preoccupation with doubts of loyalty or trustworthiness of acquaintances. 3. Reluctance to keep De in others. 4. Interpretation of benign remarks as threatening or demeaning. 5. perseverance of grudges. 6. Perception of attacks on his or her character that are not unmixed to others quick to counterattack. 7. Recurrence of suspicions regarding FL delimit of spouse or lover.DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS _ insane schizophrenia Unlike patients with schizophrenia, patients with paranoid personality disorder do not have any fixed delusions and are not frankly psychotic, although they may have transient psychosis under stressful situations. _ Social disenfranchisement and social isolation Without a social support system, persons can react with suspicion to others. The derived function in favor of the diagnosis can be dad by the assessment of others in belt up contact with the person, who identify what they consider as excess suspicion, etc. air AND PROGNOSIS _ Some patients with PDP may eventually be diagnosed with schizophrenia. _ The disorder usually has a chronic course, causing lifelong marital and Job-related problems. Psychotherapy is the treatment of cho ice. Patients may also benefit from antiquity medications or short course of antispasmodics for transient psychosis. SCHIZOID PERSONALITY trouble oneself Patients with schizoid personality disorder have a lifelong pattern of social withdrawal. They are often perceived as scrap and reclusive. They are quiet and unsocial and have a constricted affect. They have no desire for close relationships and like to be alone.Unlike with avoiding personality disorder, patients with schizoid personality disorder prefer to be alone. A pattern of voluntary social withdrawal and circumscribe range of emotional expression, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety contexts. _ Four or more of the following must also be present 1 . Neither enjoying nor desiring close relationships (including family) 2. Generally choosing solitary activities 3. Little (if any) interest in sexual activity with another person 4. Taking pleasure in few activities (if any) 5. some close friends or confidan ts (if any) 6. Indifference to praise or criticism 7.Emotional coldness, detachment, or flattened affect _ Paranoid schizophrenia Unlike patients with schizophrenia, patients with schizoid personality disorder do not have any fixed delusions, although these may exist transiently in some patients. _ Psychotically personality disorder Patients with schizoid personality disorder do not have the same eccentric behavior or magical thinking seen in patients with psychotically personality disorder. Psychotically patients are more similar to schizophrenic patients in terms of odd perception, thought, and behavior. COURSE Usually chronic course, but not always lifelong.Similar to paranoid personality disorder Psychotherapy is the treatment of choice group therapy is often beneficial. _ Low- dosage antispasmodics (short course) if transiently psychotic, or antidepressants if combine major depression is diagnosed. PSYCHOTICALLY PERSONALITY DISORDER Patients with psychotically personality diso rder have a pervasive pattern of eccentric behavior and peculiar thought patterns. They are often perceived as strange and eccentric. The disorder was developed out of the observation that certain family traits master in FL rest-degree relatives with schizophrenia.A pattern of social deaf cists marked by eccentric behavior, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and discomfort with close relationships, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. _ Five or more of the following must be present 1 . Ideas of reference (excluding delusions of reference) 2. Odd beliefs or magical thinking, inconsistent with cultural norms 3. ludicrous perceptual experiences (such as bodily illusions) 4. Suspiciousness 5. Inappropriate or confine affect . Odd or eccentric appearance or behavior 7. Few close friends or confine daunts 8. Odd thinking or speech (vague, stereotyped, etc) 9.Excessive social anxiety Magical thinking may include Belief in clairvoyance or telepathy Bizarre fantasies or preoccupations Belief in superstitions Odd behaviors may include involvement in cults or strange religious practices. _ Paranoid schizophrenia Unlike patients with schizophrenia, patients with psychotically personality disorder are not frankly psychotic (though they can become transiently so under stress), nor do they have fixed delusions. _ schizophrenic personality crosier Patients with schizoid personality disorder do not have the same eccentric behavior seen in patients with psychotically personality disorder. business is chronic or patients may eventually develop schizophrenia. Personality type for a patient with schizophrenia. Performed Psychotherapy is the treatment of choice to help develop social skills training. Short course of low-dose antispasmodics if necessary (for transient psychosis). Antispasmodics may help decrease social anxiety and suspicion in interpersonal relationships. Cluster B Includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic per sonality disorders.These patients are often emotional, impulsive, and dramatic Patients diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder show superficial conformity to social norms but are exploitive of others and break rules to meet their own needs. Lack empathy and lenience lack remorse for their actions. They are impulsive, deceitful, and often violate the law. They are skillful at reading social cues and appear charming and normal to others who meet them for the FL rest time and do not know their history. Pattern of omission for others and violation of the rights of others since age 15.Patients must be at least 18 years old for this diagnosis history of behavior as a child/adolescent must be consistent with conduct disorder _ Three or more of the following should be present 1. blow to conform to social norms by committing unlawful acts 2. Deceitfulness/ repeated imposition/manipulating others for personal gain 3. Impulsively/failure to plan ahead 4. anger and aggressiveness/ repeated FL sights or assaults 5. Recklessness and disregard for safety of self or others 6. Irresponsibility/failure to sustain work or applaud FL uncial obligations 7. Lack of remorse for actionsDrug abuse It is necessary to ascertain which came FL rest. Patients who began abusing drugs to begin with their antisocial behavior started may have behavior attributable to the cause of their addiction. Usually has a chronic course, but some improvement of symptoms may occur as the patient ages. _ Many patients have multiple somatic complaints, and coexistence of substance abuse and/or major depression is common. _ There is t morbidity from substance abuse, trauma, suicide, or homicide. Symptoms of antisocial personality disorder-?