Natural Product and Metabolomics

inherent Product and MetabolomicsMass Spectrometry is often become very reclaim open comes into the final confirmation stage of a chemical substance structure. This is beca habituate by noting the atomisation pattern and the total molecular mass of manifold, seekers will be able to confirm the compounds chemical castula, followed by confirming the chemical structure proposed based on previous instrumental analyses. Nowadays, Gas Chromatography and swimming Chromatography ar coupled with mass spectrometry in bless for lookers to run the molecular mass right after the compounds be enlightend chromatographically. However, GC-MS are more(prenominal) often organism employ to study natural mathematical product compared to LC-MS be receive LC-MS doesnt have its database constructed like GC-MS due to the extensive vomit up of secondary coil metabolites and it is hardly reproducible. (Lee Yoon et al., 2013) Researchers can confirm the compound by matching the molecular m ass obtained from GC-MS with the established database, while LC-MS users will have to refer to the data provided by previous researchers on that particular field of study. There are a lot of journals regarding the studies of primary and secondary metabolites being published and a lot of researches will insert their sample for GC-MS experiment and then compared their compounds fragmentation pattern and also molecular weight to the study Institute of Standards and Technology libraries, which will tells researchers the structure of their compounds, even if there are no exact matching, researches will at least have a rough idea on their structure.In the early 1990s, Solid-phase micro leave oution (SPME) was introduced to extract compounds from samples with protrude the use of solvent this system is later applied on samples before undergoing GC-MS process. This proficiency enables researchers to extract compounds from sample in a much simpler and cheaper way since it doesnt include th e use of solvent. SPME works by adsorbing compounds into its fibre coated gripping phase from the sample, and then inserted into GC for desorption of compound into it and then separated. (Dagostino Sanz et al., 2014) This technique is so convenient that researchers can even carry it along when going into a jungle to adsorb compounds from plant of interest and bringing it back to the lab to undergo GC-MS experiment, much more convenient than plucking a big plunk of plants sample to the lab for solvent soaking.Samples can be injected into GC-MS through both split of splitless injection split injection system will manoeuver most of the samples out to the atmosphere and only allow approximately 1% of it to make it the column while splitless injection system allows most of the samples to enter the column. Split/splitless system are designed to give reproducible chromatographic retention times and also to keep the chromatographic requirements of column in place, to use split of spl itless, it is depending on the sensitivity required. Though splitless system allows more sample to be injected in however, metabolomics researches are better be carried out with split system because metabolites are present in wide range concentrations and it allows researchers to analyze volatile compounds eluting near the solvent peak. (Cyril Jousse, 2009)Besides plants metabolites, GC-MS is also very useful for bio-metabolics, some of the bio-metabolics researches are for example Chrysoula Christou et al. did a research on analysis of organic acids in human piss in clinical fixtings in order to develop a method for organic acid profiling in human urine, this can be useful to detect metabolics or separate health disorders. Their sample was being separated by gas column and undergo quadrupole mass mass spectrometer in the electron ionization (EI) mode and as a firmness of purpose chromatogram and mass spectra shown 11 organic acids separated and identified by conducting affin ity search on NIST library (3). A research was carried out by Ioannis Papoutsis and the team of research. where GC-MS method was used to determine amisulpride in blood. Amisulpride is an antipsychotic drugs which is overconfident to psychiatric patients, overdosing can cause arrhythmia, bradycardia and hypotension. (4) SPME was first used by them to extract compounds from the blood samples and then separated by using gas chromatography and finally detected by mass spectrometer, results show that GC-MS can be used to monitor amisulpride in the blood and this can be used in pharmacokinetic studies and also forensic investigation.ArcheologyGC-MS is also used in assisting archaeology studies it is especially useful when comes to determining the chemical constituents of the sample. In one of the young archaeology research, M. Mnager, C. Azmard and C. Vieillescazes studied the mummification balms from the mummy skulls with FTIR and GC-MS. dozen mummified heads were collected, the b alms on the heads were extracted with organic solvent and water before introduced to GC-MS. Molecular components were eluted by using helium, and injected with split system. Samples were eluted by using helium as toter gas with the flow of 1mL.min-1 and oven temperature was set to 50 C for 2 min, 50250 C at 8 Cmin1, 250350 C at 3 Cmin1, and 350 C during 20 min. 1 L of each sample was injected with a splitting system and the injection temperature was set at 250 C. Mass spectra were generated by electron ionization mode with electron ionization energy of 70 eV, an ionization time of 25,000 s and a mass range of 40650 m/z. (5) As a result, those mummification balms were found to contain mixtures such(prenominal) as oils, fats, beeswax, resins, proteins, polysaccharides and minerals, these compounds are confirmed again by matching mass spectra with NIST library. With the use of only FTIR without confirmation by GC-MS, researchers will only be able to know the functional meeting in it without confirming the compounds.CosmeticIn enhancive industries, chemical compounds in every cosmetic must be carefully studied as its applied onto humans skin and body, therefore each mistake made will cause allergy or exacerbation to end users. Synthetic husk has been widely applied in cosmetic industry due ti its long-lasting odor, however, it was found that two groups of artificial musk can cause many health disorders. Many countries have also set up regulations on the amount of synthetic musk in order to protect end users, this has become another parameter in prime(prenominal) control of cosmetic products. In Beijing, China, Haifeng Dong and his team of researchers conducted a research on 7 synthetic musk in cream by using SPME and then GC-MS, cream is chosen as it is the most common form of cosmetic product. (6) Cosmetic creams contains moisturizing, nutritional agent and also many lipophilic compounds. Synthethic musks have low polarity and it is also one of lipophilic compounds, which cause synthethic musks can be hardly be separated out from other liphophilic compounds. Cream samples must undergo extra cleanup steps such as by matrix solid phase dispersion method (MSPD) in order minimizes the matrix effect. Since water and isopropanol was used to separate synthetic musks from lipophilic compounds, supported liquid extraction will want to be used in order absorb water and postulate interferences to give better purification. Tandem MS was used in this research in order to improve the selectivity and decrease the detection limit. This research which deals with pipe dream shows slightly different in the preparation method compared to other GC-MS research, however, overall concept is still similar.